Material Properties by Category
Refractory Metals
Tungsten (W)
- Properties
- Heat Resistance, High Thermal Conductivity, High Density
- Applications
- Lighting Filaments, Crucibles, Heaters and Structural Components for Vacuum Furnaces, Electrodes for Various Discharge Lamps, Electrical Contacts, Heat Shields, TIG Welding Electrodes, Semiconductor Ion Source Components, Sputtering Targets, Balance Weights
- Machining Examples
- Tungsten
| Melting Point (℃) | 3387 (Highest among metals) |
|---|---|
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 172 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 4.5 (Lowest among pure metals) |
| Density | 19.3 (Comparable to gold) |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 4.2 |
| Young’s Modulus (GPa) | 345 |
Molybdenum (Mo)
- Properties
- Heat Resistance, High Thermal Conductivity
- Applications
- Lighting Components, Lamp Anchors, Heaters and Shielding Plates for High-Temperature Furnaces, Crucibles, Sintering Boards, Power Device Components, Magnetron Components for Microwave Ovens, Sputtering Target Materials
- Machining Examples
- Molybdenum
| Melting Point (℃) | 2623 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 142 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 5.3 |
| Density | 10.2 |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 2.6 |
| Young’s Modulus (GPa) | 276 |
Tantalum (Ta)
- Properties
- Heat Resistance
- Applications
- Components for Heat Exchangers, High-Temperature Furnace Components, Semiconductor Ion Source Components
Powder: Capacitors, Target Materials
Oxides: Additives for Optical Lenses
Carbides: Cemented Carbide Tools - Machining Examples
- Tantalum
| Melting Point (℃) | 2990 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 57.5 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 5.3 |
| Density | 10.2 |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 2.6 |
| Young’s Modulus (GPa) | 276 |
Niobium (Nb)
- Properties
- Heat Resistance
- Applications
- Alloying Additive for Steel
Carbides: Cemented Carbide Tools
Intermetallic Compounds: Superconducting Magnets
Alloys: Sputtering Target Materials - Machining Examples
- Niobium
| Melting Point (℃) | 2415 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 54 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 7.0 |
| Density | 8.6 |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 0.8 |
| Young’s Modulus (GPa) | 107 |
Silver (Ag)
- Properties
- High Thermal Conductivity, High Electrical Conductivity
- Applications
- Electrical Wiring (Low Electrical Resistance), Audio Cables, High-Frequency Wiring, Tableware, Jewelry, Dental Applications, Water Purifiers (Antibacterial Properties), Alloy Applications
| Melting Point (℃) | 960 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 420 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 19.0 |
| Density | 10.5 |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 0.9 |
| Young’s Modulus (GPa) | 73 |
Copper (Cu)
- Properties
- High Thermal Conductivity, High Electrical Conductivity
- Applications
- Electrical Wiring Materials, Power Cables (Lower electrical resistance and more cost-effective than silver), Coins, Construction Materials, Alloy Applications, Brass Products
| Melting Point (℃) | 1084 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 398 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 16.6 |
| Density | 8.9 |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 0.8 |
| Young’s Modulus (GPa) | 130 |
Aluminum (Al)
- Properties
- 軽量
- Applications
- Coins, Aluminum Cans, Cookware, Construction Materials, Automotive Components, Gasoline Engines, General Mechanical Components, Alloy Applications (e.g., Duralumin)
| Melting Point (℃) | 660 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 237 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 23.2 |
| Density | 2.7 |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 0.5 |
| Young’s Modulus (GPa) | 71 |
Stainless Steel (SUS)
- Properties
- Corrosion Resistance
- Applications
-
Austenitic: Kitchen Equipment, Tableware, Chemical Equipment, General Mechanical Components
Martensitic: Knives, Heat-Treated Components Requiring High Hardness
Ferritic: Magnetic Applications such as Cookware for Induction Heating
| Melting Point (℃) | 1450 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 16.3 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 18.0 |
| Density | 7.9 |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 2.0 |
| Young’s Modulus (GPa) | 200 |
Ceramics 1
Alumina (Al₂O₃)
- Properties
- High Strength, Wear Resistance, Heat Resistance, Corrosion Resistance
- Applications
- Insulators, Electrical Insulation Components, Furnace Walls, Furnace Components, Fixtures, Nozzles, Thread Guides, Reaction Crucibles, Reaction Vessels, Semiconductor Equipment Components, LCD Manufacturing Components, Electron Tube Components, Pumps, Abrasives
- Machining Examples
- Alumina
| Melting Point (℃) | 2054 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Shock Resistance (℃) | 200 |
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 30 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 5.3 |
| Density | 3.9 |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 18 |
Aluminum Nitride (AlN)
- Properties
- High Thermal Conductivity
- Applications
-
Crucibles, Heat Sink Components, Heat Dissipation Plates
Semiconductor Equipment Components: Heaters, ESCs, Dummy Wafers, Susceptor Rings, Shower Plates, Chambers - Machining Examples
- Aluminum Nitride
| Melting Point (℃) | 2200 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Shock Resistance (℃) | 400 |
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 160 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 2.4 |
| Density | 3.3 |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 13 |
Silicon Nitride (Si₃N₄)
- Properties
- High Strength, Wear Resistance, Thermal Shock Resistance
- Applications
-
Engine Components
Gas Turbine Components: Bearings, Guide Rolls
Cutting Tools
Grinding Components: Grinding Balls
Burner Components: Agitator Blades
| Melting Point (℃) | 1600 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Shock Resistance (℃) | 650 |
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 13 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 1.5 |
| Density | 3.2 |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 16 |
Silicon Carbide (SiC)
- Properties
- High Hardness, High Rigidity, High Thermal Conductivity
- Applications
-
High-Temperature Components
Sliding Components： Bearings, mechanical seals, DPF components
(Dust collection filters) - Machining Examples
- Silicon Carbide
| Melting Point (℃) | 2730 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Shock Resistance (℃) | 450 |
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 150 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 2.9 |
| Density | 3.1 |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 24 |
Ceramics 2
Zirconia (ZrO₂)
- Properties
- High Toughness, High Strength, Wear Resistance
- Applications
-
Industrial Blades: Scissors, Knives
Gauges: Pin Gauges, Block Gauges
Grinding Balls and Other Wear-Resistant Components - Machining Examples
- Zirconia (ZrO₂)
| Melting Point (℃) | 2715 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Shock Resistance (℃) | 280 |
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 3 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 7.7 |
| Density | 6.0 |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 13 |
Boron Nitride (BN)
- Properties
- High Electrical Insulation at Elevated Temperatures, Thermal Shock Resistance
- Applications
-
Insulators for High-Temperature Furnaces, Various Components for Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment, Crucibles for Compound Semiconductors, Assembly Fixtures for Electronic Components, Heat Sinks
Powder: High-Temperature Lubricant Additives, Release Agents, Cosmetics
Semimetals
| Melting Point (℃) | 2700 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Shock Resistance (℃) | 1500 |
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 63 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 1.4 |
| Density | 1.8 |
| Vickers Hardness (GPa) | 0.8 |
Metalloids
Silicon (Si)
- Properties
- High Toughness, High Strength, Wear Resistance
- Applications
- Semiconductor Components, Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment Parts, Solar Cells
- Machining Examples
- Silicon
| Melting Point (℃) | 2700 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Shock Resistance (℃) | 1500 |
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 63 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 1.4 |
| Density | 1.8 |
| Mohs Hardness | 0.8 |
Glass
Quartz Glass
- Properties
- High Electrical Insulation at Elevated Temperatures, Thermal Shock Resistance
- Applications
-
Optical: Optical Lenses, Prisms, Various Laser Lenses
Laboratory: Solvent Distillation Equipment, Reactors, Various Scientific Instruments
Semiconductor Industry: Furnace Tubes for CVD and Diffusion Processes, Photomasks, and Other Components - Machining Examples
- Quartz Glass
| Softening Point (℃) | 1700 |
|---|---|
| Thermal Shock Resistance (℃) | 1000 |
| Thermal Conductivity (W/(m·K)) | 1.4 |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (×10⁻⁶) | 0.5 |
| Density | 2.28 |
| Mohs Hardness | 9 |